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7-4
Theory of Operation
I
2
O and Intelligent RAID Controllers
Several information technology industry leaders have formed a Special
Interest Group (SIG) to promote intelligent I/O standards for the entire
industry. These standards, referred to as the Intelligent I/O (I
2
O)
specification, address the performance issues caused by I/O interrupts
sent to the host CPU and the need for unique drivers for every
combination of I/O device and operating system.
I
2
O-compliant products include both intelligent host adapters and RAID
controllers (those incorporating a microprocessor) and non-intelligent
host adapters and RAID controllers (those without a microprocessor).
Maximizing a server’s potential requires more than just I
2
O. It requires an
intelligent adapter or controller with a dedicated microprocessor.
Intelligent I/O (both intelligent adapters and RAID controllers) has been
available from DPT for two decades. The I
2
O-compliant SmartRAID V
controllers are the latest intelligent adapter technology, with fast RISC-
based embedded I/O processors and our new Pipelined Parallel
Processing (P
3
) technology.
The following illustration depicts the two-part device driver architecture
used by I
2
O compliant products. This design allows for much faster device
driver development for specific operating system platforms. For additional
information, see the SmartRAID V Architecture section in this chapter.
HOST
I O Split Driver Architecture
2
Communication Layer
OSM
OS Specific
OS Revision
Independent
HDM
OS Independent
I/O Software
I/O Processor
Hardware
- USER’S MANUAL 1
- FCC Statement 3
- VCCI Statement 3
- Limited Product Warranty 4
- Release Notes 6
- Technical Support 6
- Table of Contents 7
- SmartRAID V User’s Manual 14
- Read This First! 15
- About the Documentation 16
- Installation Roadmap 17
- What’s In the Box? 19
- Safety Information 20
- Working with Electricity 21
- About Your New Controller 23
- Product List 25
- Product Feature Overview 26
- non-parity memory 28
- transfer 29
- Model Description 31
- SM4050-16 16 MB ECC SIMM 31
- SM4050-64 64 MB ECC SIMM 31
- SmartRAID V Controller LEDs 33
- Cache Status LEDs 34
- Audible Alarm 35
- C HAPTER 3: 37
- Installation Overview 38
- Configuration 39
- Configuring SCSI Termination 40
- = Terminated 41
- Configuring Device IDs 42
- Installation 43
- Installing SIMMs 47
- Installing DIMMs 49
- Installing the Controller 51
- Controller IRQ and Address 52
- NVRAM Reset 53
- Server 1 Server 2 56
- Shared Storage 56
- Shared SCSI bus* 56
- Storage Manager on ROM 57
- Overview 58
- Keyboard Reference 59
- Menu Reference 60
- Icon Reference 60
- Screen Layout 61
- The Left Pane – Tree View 62
- Running SMOR 64
- O BIOS Settings 65
- Controller Information Tab 67
- Host Bus: 68
- Bus Type 68
- Transfer 68
- Attached Modules: 68
- HBA Configuration Tab 69
- Device Information 71
- SCSI Capabilities 72
- Identification 74
- Setting the Configuration 75
- Array Operations 76
- Creating a Parity Group 78
- Deleting an Array 79
- Formatting a Drive 80
- Managing Controller Firmware 81
- Upgrading Firmware 81
- Windows NT 4.0 86
- Installing a New System 87
- Upgrading an Existing System 89
- Adding to an Existing System 89
- (Microsoft OSM) 90
- DEVICE=I2ODDL.SYS 92
- DEVICE=DPTCDROM.SYS 92
- Installing Windows 95 93
- (OEM SR2 – Version 950b) 93
- 98 Configuration 95
- (Upgrade Version) 96
- SCO UnixWare 7 99
- Novell NetWare 101
- NetWare 4.2 – Boot Controller 104
- NetWare 5.0 – Boot Controller 106
- Red Hat Linux 108
- Red Hat Linux 5.2 and 6.0 109
- Red Hat Linux 6.1 109
- ./install 111
- ./dptmgr 111
- Software Installation 112
- Storage Manager 113
- Introduction 114
- System Requirements 114
- Running Storage Manager 115
- Physical Configuration View 116
- Logical Configuration View 118
- Logical Device Address 119
- Information Windows 122
- Battery Backup Configuration 123
- Initial Calibration (BB4050) 124
- HBA Configuration 125
- Flash Configuration 127
- Device Information Window 129
- Caching Configuration 130
- Array Groups 131
- Creating an Array Group 134
- Naming an Array Group 136
- Dynamic Array Expansion 136
- Requirements and Restrictions 137
- Expanding an Array Group 138
- Deleting an Array Group 140
- Event Logging 142
- Event Notification 143
- Pager Event Messaging 145
- Broadcasters 146
- Installing the Broadcaster 147
- Viewing Events 147
- Broadcaster for Windows NT 148
- Formatting Drives 150
- Drive Failures 151
- Rebuilding a Degraded Array 152
- Hot Spares 153
- Background Task Priority 155
- I/O Statistics 156
- Total Commands 157
- SCSI Bus Resets 157
- Remote Communication 160
- Client Workstations 161
- Setting up the Server 163
- SCO UNIX 164
- Connecting to Remote Systems 165
- Making a Manual Connection 166
- Using the Phonebook 167
- Using a Custom Connection 168
- Theory of Operation 169
- Intelligent RAID Controllers 170
- Intelligent I/O 171
- Benefits 171
- I O Split Driver Architecture 172
- Disk Caching 174
- Software and Hardware Caching 175
- Elevator Sorting 176
- DISK WRITES 177
- Predictive Caching Algorithms 178
- Pre-Fetch 179
- Caching Host Reads 180
- Disk Striping 181
- Definition of RAID Levels 182
- Mirrored Arrays 183
- Parallel Array with Parity 184
- Dual-Level RAID 186
- Creating Data Redundancy 187
- Handling I/O Errors 188
- Degraded Mode 189
- SmartRAID V Architecture 190
- Command Processing 191
- Command Overlapping 191
- Command Queuing 192
- Auto Request Sense 192
- Byte/Word Alignment 192
- Scatter/Gather 192
- On-Board Microprocessor 194
- SCSI Interface 194
- Logical Unit Numbers (LUN) 195
- Bridge Controllers 195
- Commands and Messages 195
- Disconnect/Reconnect 195
- Multi-Mode SCSI 197
- Wide SCSI 197
- SCSI Transfer Rate 197
- Cabling Single-Ended SCSI 198
- Cabling Ultra2 (LVD) SCSI 200
- SCSI Termination 201
- Copyright 1996-99 204
- All Rights Reserved 204
- Assembly Drawings 205
- PM3755U2B 207
- PM3754U2 208
- RA4050 RAID Accelerator 215
- BB4050 Battery Module 216
- Troubleshooting 217
- PATTERN MEANING 219
- 7, 6, 5, 2, 1 None 219
- 7, 6, 5, 3, 1 High 219
- 7, 6, 5, 3, 2 Mismatch 219
- 7, 6, 5, 3, 2, 1 Invalid 219
- Vector xx is private 220
- Specifications 225
- DC Power Requirements 226
- Environmental Specifications 227
- A PPENDIX D: 229
- Management Console 231
- DPT MIB Information 231
- What’s Included 234
- Operating System Comments 235
- Windows 95/98 235
- Operation 237
- SNMP Software Overview 237
- DPT SNMP Sub-Agent 238
- Glossary 241
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